From Empire to Republic The Turkish War of National Liberation 1918 1923 A Documentary Study Volume I II III 1 III 2 IV V
Türk Tarih Kurumu
PHOTOGRAPHS MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PART 1 THE RISE AND FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1300 1918 CHAPTER 1 THE OTTOMAN HERITAGE DIVERSITY INDIVIDUALISM AND DECENTRALIZATION CHAPTER 2 EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM AND OTTOMAN REFORM 1600 1908 Ottoman Decline Traditionalistic Ottoman Reform Nineteenth Century European Imperialism Modern Ottoman Reform Economic Problems Christian Nationalism and Christian Terrorism Sultan Abdulhamid II 1876 1909 The Young Turk Movement CHAPTER 3 OTTOMAN SECULARISM AND THE GREAT WAR 1908 19181 Ottoman Constitutional Democracy 1908 1912 The Great War and the Collapse of Ottoman Constitutional Democracy 1910 1923 The Albanian Revolt and the Tripolitanian War 1910 1911 The Balkan WTars Secular Reforms World War I PART 2 THE ALLIED OCCUPATION 1918 1920 CHAPTER 4 THE ARMISTICE OF MONDROS The Ottoman Military Situation in October 1918 Ottoman Political Changes and Initial Efforts to Achieve Peace The Mondros Armistice Negotiations The Original British Proposals Compared with the Final Mondros Treaty Aftermath of the Agreement Triumph and Treachery CHAPTER 5 THE OTTOMANS AND THE ALLIED OCCUPATION The Ottoman Government The Allied Representatives Istanbul in November 1918 Allied Administration and Police in Istanbul Istanbul Greeks and Armenians during the Occupation Politics in Istanbul during the Occupation The First Damad Ferid Government Parties Supporting Damad Ferid Hiirriyet ve Itilaf Firkasi Liberal Union Party Ingiliz Muhibleri Cemiyeti Friends of England Society Nigehban i Askeri Cemiyeti Society of Army Watchmen Cemiyet i Miiderrisin Society of Teachers and Te ali i Islam Society to Advance Islam Ilayi Vatan Cemiyeti Exhaltation of the Nation Society Tarikat i Selahiye Cemiyeti Tarik i Salah Cemiyeti Order of Selah Society The Opposition Parties Ittihad ve Terakki Firkasi Union and Progress Party Teceddiid Firkasi Renewal Party Hiirriyetpei ver Avam Firkasi Progressive Peoples Party Milli Kongre National Congress Wilson Prensipleri Dernegi Society for Wilsonian Principles Milli Ahrar Firkasi National Liberal Party Sosyal Demokrat Firkasi Social Democratic Party Tiirkiye Sosyalist Firkasi Socialist Party of Turkey Tiirkiye Isci ve Ciftci Firkasi Workers and Peasants Party of Turkey Vahdet i Milliye Heyeti National Unity Committee Ottoman Istanbul and Anatolia during the Allied Occupation The Refugee Problem Shortages of Food and Fuel Famine and Disease Fires Public Assistance and Remedies Resettlement of Refugees and the Resulting Violence Financial and Economic Difficulties Popular Life in Occupied Istanbul Fine Arts and Literature The Advancement of Ottoman Women Labor Problems Socialist Activity and Popular Unrest War Crimes Accusations Investigations Arrests and Trials The Turkish Reaction to the Allied Occupauon in Istanbul The Karakol Cemiyeti Guard Society Popular Protest and Resistance in Istanbul Mustafa Kemal prepares to lead a Turkish national resistance PART 2 TURKISH RESISTANCE TO ALLIED OCCUPATION 1918 1920 CHAPTER 6 THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE EFFORTS TO PARTITION THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Conflicting Claims in Eastern Anatolia Armenian claims Kurdish claims Conflicting Claims in Western Anatolia Greek claims Italian claims Russian claims British claims Allied Discussions and Proposals and Ottoman Responses The King Crane Commission The Harbord Commission The First London Conference CHAPTER 7 OCCUPATION AND INVASION The Greek Invasion and Turkish Resistance in Thrace The Greek Invasion of Izmir and Western Anatolia Greek Preparations and Plotting The Propaganda of Hysteria The Turkish Reaction Preparations for Invasion The Allied Decision The Greek Invasion Greek Atrocities and Allied Condemnation Expansion of the Greek Occupation Zone Greek Government in Izmir Greek Efforts to Create a Pontus State in Northern Anatolia The French Occupation of Zonguldak and the Black Sea Coast The Italian Occupation of South Central Anatolia The Turkish Resistance Protest Meetings Assembly of the Sultanate Turkish Armed Resistance Defense of Rights Societies and the Turkish National Forces CHAPTER 8 UNIFICATION OF THE TURKISH NATIONAL RESISTANCE Mustafa Kemal takes the Lead The Amasya Circular The Erzurum Congress July 23 August 7 1919 The Sivas Congress September 4 September 11 1919 Aftermath of the Sivas Congress Turkish Opposition to the Turkish Nationalists The Ahmed Anzavur Revolts The Kurdish Dilemma CHAPTER 9 FROM ISTANBUL TO ANKARA EMERGENCE OF THE NEW TURKEY The Ali Riza Government in Istanbul Efforts to Reconcile Istanbul and die Kemalists The Amasya Conference and its Aftermam The Ottoman Parliamentary Elecdons of 1919 Emergence of die Ankara Government The Last Ottoman Chamber of Deputies meets in Istanbul The Second Allied Occupation of Istanbul Support for the Turks from India and England Damad Ferid Pa a and the Last Ottoman Parliament CHAPTER 10 THE FRENCli OCCUPATION OF SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA The Initial British occupation of Cilicia The French Occupation The Armenian Legion Turkish Militias in Southeastern Anatolia The Turkish Resistance The Siege of Maras Turkish French Negotiations CHAPTER 11 THE RUSSIAN ALLIANCE BOLSHEVISM AND THE SOUTHERN CAUCASUS Conflict in Northeastern Anatolia Turkish Resistance at Trabzon Initial Relations with the Russian Bolsheviks War and Peace in die Caucasus Enver Pa a Joins the Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks and Islam The Rise of Mustafa Suphi VOLUME 3 FROM TURKISH RESISTANCE TO TURKISH WAR FOR LIBERATION 1920 1922 PART 1 CHAPTER 12 THE TURKISH REVOLUTION Creation of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara The Government of the Grand National Assembly 1920 1923 The Cabinet and the Executive The National Army and Ministry of National Defense Justice and Security The Independence Courts Restrictions on Individual Freedoms Economic and Financial Policies Agriculture Social Programs Education Care for Refugees Health Labor Conservatism in Ankara Intelligence Services The Hamza Fellah Group The National Defense Group Mim Mim The Military Manufacturing Group The Naval Assistance Group Smuggling of Arms and People to Anatolia The Military Police Organization and Investigation Committee Command Life in Ankara during the War of National Liberation Women in the Turkish Resistance Movement Postal and Telegraphic Communication Roads and Railroads Political Parties and Political Action in Anatolia during the Turkish War of National Liberation The Green Army Society The Popular Front The Communist Party of Turkey The Turkish Communist Party at Baku The Peoples Communist Party of Turkey The Kurdish Dilemma Revisited CHAPTER 13 CONFERENCES AND CONFLICTS SAN REMO TO LONDON The San Remo Conference The Conference and Treaty of Sevres The Fighting Fronts The Greek Occupation of Thrace and the Turkish Resistance The Fighting Fronts Western Anatolia after die Treaty of Sevres The Fall of Venizelos Return of King Constantine to Greece End of the Turkish National Forces The Turkish Western Front Army revitalized by Ismet Pa a The New Greek Offensive in Anatolia The Third London Conference Turkish Treaties with the Allies CHAPTER 14 AFTERMATH OF THE CONFERENCES The Political Aftermadi in Ankara Defeat of die Treaties with France and Italy Aftermadi in Anatolia Resumption of die War Second Batde of the Inonii The First Turkish Victory The Greek Atrocides Revisited The International Reports Come In The End of Allied Military Assistance to Greece The Constantinople Committee Meeting in London The Climactic Greek Offensive in Anatolia Towards the Sakarya and Ankara Reaction in Ankara The Dark Moment The Battle of the Sakarya VOLUME 3 FROM TURKISH RESISTANCE TO TURKISH WAR OF NATIONAL LIBERATION 1920 1922 PART 2 CHAPTER 15 AFTERMATH OF THE BATTLE OF THE SAKARYA The Political Aftermath in Ankara The Anatolia and Rumeli Defense of Rights Group The Second Group and the Opposition The Aftermath in Istanbul Open Support for the Nationalists The Diplomatic Aftermath Changing Relations with the Powers Peace with France End to the War in Cilicia The Siege of Antep April 1 1920 February 11 1921 Turkish French Negotiations Resume The Treaty of Ankara October 20 1921 Liberation of Cilicia Italian Assistance to the Turkish Nationalists The Military Aftermath War in the Caucasus Changing Relations with Soviet Russia Agreements with Russia War and Peace widi Armenia The Treaty of Alexandropol December 2 1920 The Baku Congress of the Peoples of the East September 1 7 1920 Enver Pa a and die Bolsheviks The Mysterious Deadi of Mustafa Suphi The Treaty of Moscow March 16 1921 Changing Relations widi Russia New Boy on the Block The United States of America enters die Picture European Diplomatic Maneuvers The Military Aftermadi The Western Front Deterioration of the Greek Political and Military Position Rebuilding the Turkish Army VOLUME 4 FINAL VICTORY EMERGENCE OF THE TURKISH REPOBUC 1922 1923 CHAPTER 16 THE GREAT OFFENSIVE AND THE ARMISTICE OF MUDANYA The Great Offensive and the Greek Collapse The Turkish Reconquest of Izmir Life Returns to Normal in Izmir and Western Anatolia TheCanakkale Crisis Revolution in Athens The Mudanya Conference and Armistice Fulfilling the Armistice Agreement in Thrace Refet Bele in Istanbul CHAPTER 17 THE CONFERENCE AND TREATY OF LAUSANNE The Invitations Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate The Preparations The Negotiations The Conference Adjourns Negotiations Resume The Treaty of Lausanne Establishment of the Turkish Republic VOLUME 5 BIBUOGRAPHY APPENDICES AND INDEX NOTE ON THE SOURCES BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTEMPORARY NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS APPENDIX 1 THE ISTANBUL MINISTERS 1918 1923 APPENDIX 2 THE ANKARA MINISTERS 1920 1923 APPENDIX 3 ENEMY OCCUPATION OF IMPORTANT TURKISH CITIES 1912 1922 INDEX BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY SUBJECT SUMMARIES AND CHRONOLOGY
